copper storage example . Practical tips to optimize copper stock, reduce copper drop, and win time during projects… Don’t hesitate to share your own ideas about copper or busbar optimization as comments. With today high copper price, it’s worth sharing ideas! Dan . . . . • To have in stock not too long busbar: for example if the need is for 2 meters, do not order 3 meters long. • To reuse the copper drops to make short connections, in particular some copper connections which are regularly used. It also means you can prepare them in advance to anticipate future needs: it will help reduce the manufacturing time and optimize the work load of the copper working station. • Another solution is to use subcontractors and to order to them only the required copper lengths, thus no need to manage the copper drops. I use this idea for “standard” bars with high quantity. • Whenever possible, I also try to standardize some connections, for example if the same bar can be used for top and bottom connections, provided that I add all required holes for both needs. • Another important rule to keep in mind to avoid wasting is to have a good copper bar storage area, well organized by type of bar, clean and protected from dust and humidity, see photo example. You can send me your own good practices in photos also, I’ll share them !!

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For more than 30 years, electrical equipment manufacturers have developed some very attractive busbar and distribution systems (standard busbar profiles & sizes, busbar supports, comb busbar, distribution systems & accessories) to distribute power inside these electrical equipments in an easy and safe way , especially when they are type-tested . As far as I see it a lot of panel builder use partially or totally these busbar systems … … depending on their needs, their organisation and their ability to master busbar arrangements by themselves. But some of them are still using “traditional solutions”, using bare copper busbar and busbar supports which are manufactured and/or  assembled in a customised way for each need or project. I believe the trend is more and more to substitute this traditional way of doing busbar to fully type tested solutions which have been validated by tests according to IEC 439, in particular when those busbar systems are installed inside pre-fabricated enclosures also proposed by these manufacturers. Still, there are some domains where these busbar systems are less employed such as control panels , or in some very specific switchboard market segments where the electrical equipments and switchboards are still manufactured and customised on a case by case basis. (Mining, Marine, HVAC panels etc) Will these applications continue to have their specific needs and habits, or will we see manufacturers propose standard busbar systems also there ?

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Kufuatia maagizo ya Mhe. John Pombe Joseph Magufuli, Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania aliyoyatoa hivi karibuni ya kusitisha safari za nje kwa Wizara, Idara na Taasisi za Serikali, Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje na Ushirikiano wa Kimataifa imeanza kutekeleza maagizo hayo kwa kutoa maelekezo mahsusi kwa Balozi zake nje. Wizara imezielekeza Balozi zote zilizopo maeneo mbalimbali duniani kujipanga ili kushiriki kikamilifu katika kuiwakilisha Serikali kwenye mikutano yote ya kimataifa na kikanda inayofanyika katika maeneo yao ya uwakilishi. Tanzania inazo Balozi 35; Balozi Ndogo tatu; Vituo viwili vya Biashara; na Konseli za Heshima 17 katika nchi mbalimbali. Hizi zote zitahusika katika kuendeleza utekelezaji wa Diplomasia yetu ya Uchumi na uwakilishi wa maslahi ya nchi yetu. Aidha, hadi sasa Mikutano ambayo tayari imefanyika na Balozi zetu kuwakilisha ni pamoja na Mkutano wa Wakuu wa Nchi wa Jumuiya ya Madola (CHOGM) unaoendelea nchini Malta na Mkutano wa Mawaziri wanaoshughulikia masuala ya Habari wa Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Nchi za Kusini mwa Afrika (SADC) unaofanyika nchini Lesotho. Aidha, Wizara inatoa wito kwa Wizara, Idara na Taasisi za Serikali kuwasilisha mapema taarifa za mikutano inayohusu sekta zao ili kutoa fursa kwa Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje na Ushirikiano wa Kimataifa kuzifanyia kazi kwa wakati ili kuhakikisha ushiriki wa Tanzania unakuwa wenye tija kwa taifa. Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje na Ushirikiano wa Kimataifa inaungana na wadau wengine kumpongeza Mhe. Rais Magufuli kwa hatua anazozichukua za kuleta ufanisi mkubwa wa kazi na kubana matumizi ili kuiwezesha Serikali kuwahudumia wananchi kikamilifu. Imetolewa na: Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje na Ushirikiano wa Kimataifa. 27 Novemba, 2015

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BIASHARA ya maduka ya dawa baridi katika Hospitali ya Taifa ya Muhimbili imeingia shubiri, huku maduka mengine katika hospitali za Serikali yakitakiwa kuwa tayari baada ya agizo la Rais John Magufuli, kuanza kutekelezwa.    Dk Magufuli alipoingia madarakani tu, moja ya maagizo yake alitaka Bohari ya Dawa (MSD) kufungua maduka ya dawa za Serikali kwenye hospitali za rufaa na za kanda, ambapo kesho kutwa Jumatatu duka hilo litaanza kufanya kazi Muhimbili na bei za dawa zitakuwa chini ya bei ya soko. Akizungumza na waandishi wa habari jana, Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa MSD, Laureane Bwanakunu, amesema kufunguliwa kwa duka hilo kutaenda sambamba na kufunguliwa na duka lingine katika Hospitali ya Kanda ya Mbeya na baadaye kwenye hospitali zingine za rufaa na kanda na yatatoa huduma mpaka kwa wanaotumia utaratibu wa bima ya afya. Kwa mujibu wa Bwanakunu, pia MSD imeanza kuweka nembo ya Serikali kwenye vidonge na hadi sasa ina vidonge 45 ambavyo vimewekewa nembo ya GOT, ili kudhibiti wizi wa dawa za Serikali.    Bwanakunu amesema agizo la Rais la kuitaka MSD kuanzisha maduka ya dawa karibu na hospitali hasa pale Muhimbili, limekuja wakati muafaka.    Alisema kwenye mpango mkakati wa miaka sita wa MSD, walikuwa na malengo ya kufungua maduka hayo kwa ajili ya kusogeza huduma karibu kabisa na wananchi. “Agizo la Rais limetekelezwa na duka la Muhimbili litafunguliwa Jumatatu, tunamalizia hatua zilizobaki na mafundi wanafanya kazi usiku na mchana,” alisema na kuongeza kuwa duka hilo ambalo litatumia mfumo wa risiti wa kielektroniki, tayari vibali vyake vyote vimepatikana. Bwanakunu alisema wamefanya ziara ya kutembelea hospitali ya Benjamini Mkapa iliyopo Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma (UDOM) na kufanya mazungumzo na Naibu Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa hospitali hiyo, Profesa Gesase Peter, ambaye aliahidi kuwapa eneo kubwa kwa ajili ya kuendeshea duka hilo, litakalohudumia wateja wa Kanda ya Kati. Mkurugenzi huyo alisisitiza kuwa maduka ya MSD ambayo yatafunguliwa kwenye hospitali za rufaa na kanda, yatafanya kazi saa 24 na kuuza dawa na vifaa tiba chini ya bei ya soko na yatahudumia watu binafsi na wale waliopo kwenye taratibu za bima za afya. Alisema maduka hayo yataiongezea bohari wigo wa utendaji katika kutoa huduma kwa wananchi, tofauti na sasa ambapo huduma ya dawa na vifaa tiba zinatolewa kupitia mali zinazohifadhiwa katika bohari kupitia orodha ya taifa ya dawa na vifaa tiba yenye aina ya dawa na vifaa tiba takribani 3,000 zinazoingizwa kwa mahitaji maalumu. Kuhusu udhibiti wa wizi wa dawa, Mkurugenzi huyo alisema MSD inafanya kazi za uagizaji, uhifadhi na usambazaji kwa kutumia mfumo wa mtandao wa E9.    “Lakini ili kudhibiti upotevu wa dawa za Serikali tangu mwaka wa fedha uliopita tumeanza kuziwekea alama ya GOT bidhaa zetu ikiwa ni pamoja na vidonge, mkumbuke zamani ilikuwa tunaweka kwenye vifungashio vya ndani na maboksi alama ya MSD, lakini sasa hata kidonge kina alama ya GOT, pale Dar es Salaam nina sampuli ya vidonge hivyo,” alisema. Alisema vidonge ambavyo tayari vimewekewa nembo ya GOT vipo 45 na wanaendelea kuwapa maelekezo wazabuni, ili vyote viwekwe alama hizo.    Akitaja aina za dawa zenye nembo ya serikali, Mkurugenzi huyo alisema tayari dawa aina ya Diclofenac, Amoxillin, Ciprofloxacin, Contrimoxale, paracetamol na magnesium. Pia alisema sasa wataanzisha huduma ya kutoa taarifa kwa njia ya simu ili wananchi watakapoona kuna wizi wa dawa za Serikali, watoe taarifa na wananchi wataelimishwa kutoa taarifa pale wanapoona dawa za serikali mitaani.    “Dawa nyingi zinaibwa kwenye vituo ambavyo dawa zinapelekwa na sasa watatumia mfumo wa kompyuta kubaini wizi wa dawa ambazo zimekuwa zikiibwa mkoa moja na kupelekwa mkoa mwingine. “Rais Magufuli amesema miongoni mwa vipaumbele vyake ni maji na dawa, MSD imejipanga kuokoa maisha ya Watanzania,” alisema na kuongeza kuwa bajeti ya dawa ikiongezwa na kufikia Sh bilioni 250 kila mtu atapata dawa. Pamoja na jitihada hizo, Bwanakunu alisema bado MSD inaidai Serikali fedha nyingi ambazo alisema tayari wameanza kulipwa. “Tunaidai Serikali Sh bilioni 53 deni ambalo limehakikiwa na majuzi tumelipwa Sh bilioni 14,” alisema.

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MKUU wa Mkoa wa Dodoma, Chiku Galawa amepiga marufuku uuzaji na unywaji wa pombe wakati wa saa za kazi. Amri hiyo ameitoa jana katika taarifa yake aliyoisambaza kwa vyombo vya habari. Gallawa alisema kwamba amechukua uamuzi huo kwa kuzingatia mamlaka aliyonayo kwa mujibu wa Katiba, Ibara ya 61, Ibara ndogo ya 4.    Alisema kutokana na amri hiyo itakuwa marufuku kwa wakazi na wafanyabiashara wa mkoa huo kuuza au kunywa pombe kuanzia saa moja na nusu asubuhi hadi saa kumi na nusu jioni. Aidha mkuu huyo wa mkoa amewaagiza wakuu wa wilaya na wakurugenzi wa halmashauri kusimamia utekelezaji wa amri hiyo na kuongeza kuwa yoyote atakayekiuka amri hiyo atachukuliwa hatua kali za kisheria.

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Mamilioni ya Wamarekani jana waliadhimisha Siku Ya Shukrani (Thanksgiving). Hii ni moja kati ya Siku Kuu rasmi nchini humu inayoadhimishwa kila Akhamis ya nne ya mwezi wa Novemba. Asili yake: Rais wa Marekani Barack Obama akimuachia huru Bata. Photo na CARLOS BARRIA/REUTERS Vyanzo vya kihistoria vinatofautiana kuhusu asili ya Siku Kuu hii. Lakini maelezo yanayosadikiwa na wengi ni kuwa chimbuko lake linarejea mwaka 1621. Walowezi kutoka Ulaya walipokuwa wakiwasili katika Mabara ya Amerika walipata matatizo ya kuanzisha maisha mapya. Mnamo mwaka 1620 meli iliyopewa jina la Mayflower ilitia nanga nchini Marekani ikiwa na abiria 102 kutoka Uingereza. Miongoni mwao walikuwemo Wakristo waliokuwa wakitafuta sehemu watakayokuwa huru kufanya ibada zao, na pia walikuwemo waliohajiri kwa ajili ya tamaa ya kumiliki ardhi. Walipowasili Marekani walikumbana na matatizo mbalimbali yakiwemo ukosefu wa uzoefu wa mazingira mapya, na nusu yao walifariki dunia kutokana maradhi na mengineyo. Baada ya kutimiza mwaka mmoja, mnao mwezi November 1621, Walowezi waliobakia hai kwa msaada wa wenyeji ambao waliwapa jina la “Wahindi Wekundu”, walifanikiwa kupata vuno la mwanzo la mahindi.  Kwa hivyo waliwaalika wenyeji wao na kufanya karamu maalum kwa ajili ya kumshukuru Mungu kwa kuwapa neema zake, na kuwashukuru wenyeji wao kwa kuwasaidia mbinu za maisha katika ulimwengu uliokuwa mpya kwao. Inaarifiwa kuwa yakula vingi katika karamu hiyo iliyodumu kwa muda wa siku tatu vilitokana na mapisi ya wenyeji wa asili hapa Marekani. Kutoka hapo siku hiyo ikawa inaadhimishwa katika makoloni mengine katika Bara la Amerika, kila koloni likiiadhimisha kwa aina yake tofauti. Mnamo mwaka 1863, Rais Abraham Lincolin akaitangaza kuwa Siku Kuu rasmi kitaifa

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Meneja Mradi Ruvu chini Mhandisi Emmanuel Makasa akiwaonesha waandishi wa habari sehemu ya bomba la kusafirisha maji kutoka chanzo cha Ruvu chini kwenda jijini Dar es salaam. Sehemu ya bomba la kusafirisha maji kutoka chanzo cha Ruvu chini kwenda jijini Dar es salaam lilivyozamishwa chini tayari kwa kusafirisha maji ambayo yatawanufaisha wananchi wa mikoa ya Dar es salaam na Pwani kwa matumizi mbalimbali. Baadhi ya mitambo ya kusafisha maji ambayo yamesafishwa tayari kwa matumizi ya wananchi wa mikoa ya Dar es salaam na Pwani. Baadhi ya waandishi wa habari na viongozi kutoka Wizara ya Maji wakiwa eneo la chanzo cha maji cha Ruvu Chini. Baadhi ya waandishi wa habari na viongozi kutoka Wizara ya Maji wakiwa eneo la chanzo cha maji cha Ruvu Chini wakipita juu ya eneo la kusafisha maji kabla ya kusafirishwa kwa matumizi mbalimbali. Meneja Mradi Ruvu chini Mhandisi Emmanuel Makasa (aliyevaa tai) akiongea na waandishi wa habari walipotembelea ujenzi wa bomba la maji kutoka Ruvu Chini kabla ya kusafirishwa kwenda jijini Dar es salaam. Fundi akiendelea na kazi ya kuunganisha na kuchomelea bomba la maji ambalo litasafirisha maji kutoka Ruvu Chini kwenda jijini Dar es salaam. Muonekano wa maji yakiwa mtoni kabla ya kuanza kusafishwa kupitia hatua mbalimbali kwa matumizi. (Picha na Eleuteri Mangi-MAELEZO) Na Eleuteri Mangi-MAELEZO Mamlaka ya Maji Safi na Maji Taka Dar es Salaam (DAWASA) inaendelea kuboresha na kuimarisha miundombinu ya maji ili kuwanufaisha wakazi wa mikoa ya Dar es salaam na Pwani kupata maji kwa mahitaji yao ya kila siku.  Mioundombinu  hiyo inayoboreshwa ni pamoja na bomba la Ruvu Chini lenye urefu wa Jumla ya km 55 ambapo hadi sasa km 52.6 zimekamilika na zimebaki km 2.4 ili kukamilisha  mradi huo ambao utasaidia kusimamia moja ya sentensi ya Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania Dkt. John Pombe Joseph Magufuli  ya “Kuwatua akina mama ndoo za maji kichwani”   Ili kufikia azma hiyo ya kuwapatia maji safi na salama wakazi wa mikoa hiyo, Mkurugenzi wa Usimamizi na Ufundi wa DAWASA, Romanus Mwang’ingo alisema kuwa upanuzi wa mtambo wa Ruvu Chini na ujenzi wa bomba kuu kutoka Ruvu Chini hadi matanki ya Chuo Kikuu cha Ardhi ndiyo utakuwa suluhisho la tatizo la maji katika jiji la Dar es salaam na maeneo ya mkoa wa Pwani. Akiongea na waandishi wa habari ofisini kwake kabla ya waandishi hao kwenda kujionea hatua iliyofikiwa, Mwang’ingo alisema kuwa ujenzi wa mradi huo unatarajiwa kukamilika ifikapo  Februari 2016 na kuondoa adha ya maji kwa wananchi na kuwaunganishia wengine ambao hawakuwa na huduma ya maji. “Tumelazimika kufikia hatua ya kupanua huduma ya upatikanaji wa maji katika mikoa ya Dar es salaa na Pwani kutokana na ongezeko la watu kulingana na sensa ya watu ya mwaka 2012, mkoa wa Dar es salaam una jumla ya zaidi ya watu milioni 5 ambao watatumia maji zaidi ya lita milioni 5 kwa siku”,  “Katika upanuzi huo, kumekuwa na changamoto ya makazi ya watu kuwa ndani ya mradi ambapo kulikuwa na kesi 17 katika mahakama mbalimbali katika maeneo hayo ikiwemo mahakama ya ardhi, hadi sasa DAWASA imeshinda kesi 13 na kupewa haki ya kutumia njia hiyo kukamilisha upanuzi wa mradi” alisema Mwang’ingo. Kwa mujibu wa Mwang’ing’o kesi nne bado zipo mahamani na ambazo zimefikia hatua mbalimbali kulingana na taratibu za kimahakama. Lengo la mradi huu ni kuongeza uzalishaji wa maji kutoka lita milioni 182 hadi 270 kwa siku. Mradi ambapo awamu itakayofuata ni lita milioni 360 kwa siku. Chanzo cha maji cha Ruvu Chini ndiyo chenye kiwango kikubwa ambacho kina wapatia maji wakazi wa Dar es salaam kwa zaidi ya asilimia 75 ikilinganishwa na asilimia 25 kutoka Ruvu Juu.  Mradi wa upanuzi wa mtambo wa Ruvu Chini unalenga kuongeza uzalishaji maji na kuwahudumia wakazi wa maeneo ya uwekezaji (EPZ) Bagamoyo, Chasimba, Buma, Zinga, Kerege na Mpiji mkoa wa Pwani  Maeneo mengine yatakayonufaika na mradi huo kwa Mkoa wa Dar es salaam ni Bunju, Wazo, Salasala, Madale na Kinzudi Mbezi Juu, Goba, Kawe, Makongo, Mwenge, Msasani, Mikocheni, Mlalakua, Masaki, Sinza, kijitonyama, Manzese, Konondoni, Magomeni, Kigogo, Vingunguti, Buguruni, Kariakoo na Ilala.

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Mkuu wa kitengo cha biashara (B2B) katika kampuni ya simu za mkononi ya Tigo Rene Bascope, akihutubia hadhira iliyohudhuria uzinduzi wa mfumo wa intaneti wenye kasi zaidi (4G LTE) uliozinduliwa jana jijini Tanga. Wadau mbalimabli wa kampuni ya simu za mkononi ya Tigo, wakihudumiwa na watoa huduma wa kampuni hiyo sambamba na uzinduzi wa huduma ya intaneti yenye kasi zaidi (4G LTE) uliofanyika jijini Tanga jana. Mkuu wa wilaya ya Tanga, Abdullah Lutavi akihutubia wakati wa uzinduzi huo. Kamanda wa kikosi cha Usalama Barabarani mkoa wa Tanga, Nassor Sisiwaya (wa pili kushoto) akibadilishana mawazo na Meneja Mawasiliano ya Umma wa kampuni ya simu  Wadau mbalimbali wakimsikiliza mgeni rasmi (hayupo pichani) wakati wa uzinduzi wa mfumo wa intaneti wenye kasi zaidi wa 4G LTE, uliozinduliwa na kampuni ya simu za mkononi ya Tigo, jijini Tanga jana. Mkurugenzi wa Tigo kanda ya Mashariki, Goodluck Charles (wa pili kulia) akimkabidhi zawadi ya simu, James Marwa ambaye aliibuka mshindi wa kwanza wa bahati nasibu iliyochezeshwa jana sambamba na uzinduzi wa intaneti yenye kasi zaidi ya 4G LTE jijini Tanga.

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Mkurugenzi wa benki ya Amana  Dk Muhsin Masoud  akimkabidhi  zawadi mteja Yasmin Ismail Mussa kwa utunzaji bora wa fedha katika tawi la Mwanza. Benki ya Amana leo hii imehitimisha wiki ya huduma kwa wateja ambapo katika tawi la Mwanza mkurugenzi wa benki hiyo Dk Muhsin Masoud alitoa zawadi mbali mbali kwa wateja wenye sifa tofauti tofauti kama ioneshavyo pichani.  Mkurugenzi huyo alikutana na wateja mbali mbali tawini  hapo ili kubadilishana nao mawazo na pia kupokea maoni toka kwao katika kuboresha huduma kwa wateja wa benki hiyo pekee ya Ki Islamu nchini.  Kilele hicho cha wiki ya huduma kwa wateja kimefanyika katika matawi yote ya benki hiyo ambayo kwa Dar es Salaam ni Tandamti, Lumumba, Nyerere na Main, vile vile Arusha na Mwanza. Mkurugenzi wa Amana Bank Dk Muhsin Masoud akimzawadia Bw Juma Kivuruga kwa kuwa mfanyakazi bora kwa tawi la Mwanza, Kivuruga alipigiwa kura na wafanyakazi wenziye wa tawi hilo. Daud Lweno akizawadiwa na Mkurugenzi wa Amana Bank kama mteja mzuri kulipia miamala ya TRA katika tawi la Mwanza. Mteja Yasmin Ismail akikata keki ya kuadhimisha miaka minne tangu kufunguliwa kwa benki hiyo, huku wafanyakazi wa benki hiyo wakiongozwa na Mkurugenzi wao wakifuatilia tukio hilo kwa umakini. Bw Juma Msabaha meneja huduma kwa wateja wa Amana bank akijibu baadhi ya maswali kuhusu benki hiyo toka kwa waandishi wa habari. Meneja wa tawi la Mwanza Saleh Awadh akiongea na mteja wa benki hiyo. Hawa Maftah wa Amana Bank akimhudumia mteja mapema leo katika tawi. Mkurugenzi Dk Muhsin Masoud akiongea na mmoja wa mamia ya wateja aliokutana nao leo katika tawi la jijini Mwanza ambako alikuja rasmi kwa shughuli ya ufungaji wa wiki ya huduma kwa wateja. Picha ya pamoja wafanyakazi wa benki hiyo na mkurugenzi wao. Zainab Barker ambaye ni meneja huduma kwa wateja wa tawi la Mwanza. Ibtisam Akrabi akimhudumia mteja katika tawi la Mwanza. Mahmoud Maimu akimhudumia mteja.

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Aliyekuwa mgombea Urais wa Chadema, Edward lowassa, amelitaka jeshi la Polisi nchini kuwachukulia hatua wale wote wanadaiwa kumuua, aliyekuwa Mwenyekiti wa chama hicho mkoa wa Geita, Alphonce Mawazo na kwamba kama hawatafanya hivyo, watachukua hatua wao wenyewe. Kauli hiyo ameitoa ikiwa ni siku mbili sasa tangu Mahakama Kuu Kanda ya Mwanza, kutoa hukumu kwa chama hicho kikuu cha upinzani kumuaga na kumzika Marehemu Mawazo bila kuingiliwa na mtu yeyote. Marehemu Mawazo, alifariki Novemba 14 mwaka katika kijiji na kata ya Katoro, wilaya na Mkoa wa Geita kwa kukatwa mapanga na watu wanaosadikiwa kuwa ni wafuasi wa CCM. Lowassa ametoa kauli hiyo leo wakati akitoa salamu za rambirambi katika ibada ya kuaga mwili wa Mawazo kwenye uwanja wa Furahisha jijini Mwanza. Lowassa ambaye alikuwa mgombea wa Chadema na kuungwa mkono na vyama vya Umoja wa Katiba ya Wananchi (Ukawa) amesema polisi wasipochukua hatua kwa waliomuua marehemu Mawazo watajichukulia hatua wao. Amesema kuwa watu waliomuua Mawazo wanafahamika majina yao lakini Polisi kwa kushirikiana na Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) wameshindwa kuwachukulia hatua zozote zile mpaka sasa. “Hawa Polisi wanafanya mambo yao kiimra-imra, kiujanja ujanja, wao wameleta magari ya washawasha yaliyonunuliwa kwa Dola za Kimarekani 282 milioni, hawana nama ya kuyatumia, wameamua kuwachokoza wananchi ili waweze kuyatumia. “Wananchi nawaomba sisi tuache vurugu ili sasa hayo magari yao walionunua tuone watakavyo yatumia, wananua magari alafu shuleni hakuna madawati na barabara hakuna,” amesema Lowassa. Pia amesema baada ya Mahakama Kuu Kanda ya Mwanza kutoa haki kwa familia na chama hicho kumuaga Mawazo, imeonekana jeshi la polisi halina intelejensia wanayodai bali ni waongo watupu. Lowassa amesema hukumu ya Jaji Lameck Mlacha wa Mahakama Kuu, iwe somo kwa polisi wa Tanzania kutokana na kujawa wivu usiofahamika. Freeman Mbowe Mwenyekiti wa chama hicho, Freeman Mbowe, akizungumza katika shughuli hiyo ya kuaga mwili huo, amesema haki imepatikana mahakamani na kuwaumbua polisi. “Wananchi wamechoka kuuliwa kama ilivyotokea kwa wafuasi wa Chadema tangu mwaka 2011 mpaka sasa wakati huu wa Mawazo…tumechoka kufa, mwenye akili na afahamu,” amesema Mbowe. Hata hivyo, amesema wapo baadhi ya askari polisi wema na wenye kutekeleza weledi wa kazi zao kiufasaha, lakini wapo ambao hawafai kuwatumikia na kuwaongoza wananchi. Aidha, aliwashukuru watu wote waliojitolea kuisaidia familia ya Marehemu Mawazo hasa mtoto wake Precious Mawazo (9) anayesoma darasa la nne akiwamo Lowassa pamoja na wabunge 113 wanaotoka vyama vya Ukawa, kwa kila mmoja kujitolea Sh. 300,000 na kupatikana 36 milioni. Katika hatua nyingine, Mbowe amesema chama hicho kinajiandaa kumfungulia mashitaka ya madai Kamanda wa polisi mkoa wa Mwanza, Charles Mkumbo, baada ya kuweka zuio la mwili wa Mawazo kutoagwa jijini Mwanza hadi Mahakama Kuu ilipotupilia mbali zuio hilo. “Kamanada Mkumbo lazima alipe gharama zote za siku nane za kumweka Lowassa, Sumaye, Mbowe na wabunge zaidi ya 50 jijini Mwanza wakisubiri mahakama itende haki na hatimaye kushinda kesi,” amesema mwenyekiti Mbowe. Frederick Sumaye Waziri Mkuu mstaafu wa serikali ya awamu ya tatu, Frederick Sumaye, amesema nchi yetu awali ilikuwa inasifiwa kwa amani na utulivu, lakini sasa inawaua watu wanaodai haki. “Hii ni kama ilivyokuwa Afrika Kusini wakati wa utawala wa Makaburu, mpigania haki Steve Bicco, aliuawa kama alivyouawa Mawazo, lakini mwisho wake makaburu hao walitoa haki kwa waliowengi licha ya kuwa na bunduki na polisi wengi kuliko kwetu,” amesema Sumaye. Sumaye amesema Marehemu Mawazo alikuwa akidai haki majukwaani, lakini watu waliotaka kudaiwa haki waliamua kumuua huku vyombo vya dola vikipindapinda ili haki isipatikane kwa amani. “Lazima tusimamie amani na tupinge kuonewa maana ipo simu moja watu watachoka kuonewa kama ilivyo sasa,” amesema. Mtoto wa Mawazo Mtoto wa marehemu Mawazo, Precious Mawazo (9), amesema waliomuua baba yake hawajakatisha ndoto yake ya kuwa mwanasiasa kwani siku moja atakuwa mwanasiasa mkubwa. “Wakati wa uhai wa baba, ndoto yangu ilikuwa niwe mwanasiasa, lakini nitaendelea na hiyo ndoto hadi niwe mwanasiasa mkubwa nchini…katuacha na mdogo wangu akiwa na miaka miwili tunaamini Mungu atatusaidia,” amesema Precious. Godbless Lema Godbless Lema wa Arusha akitoa salamu za rambirambi uwanjani hapo, amesema marehemu Mawazo alikuwa rafiki yake wa damu tangu akiwa jijini Arusha na kumshawishi kuingia kwenye siasa, lakini aliuliwa kinyama na watu wasiopenda haki. Lema amesema ukimya wa wananchi katika mauaji wanayofanyiwa, si uoga bali ni unatokana na uchungu walionao, kwani wauaji wakiwa huru hakuna atakayekuwa salama. Mchungaji Swai Mchungaji Bernard Swai wa kanisa la Winners jijini Mwanza, akihubiri katika misa ya kumuaga, amesema wanadamu hawajumbwa na Mungu kwa ajili ya kuuana bali kupendana. “Lazima wanadamu wajiulize kwanini vijana wengi wanatumiwa ili kuwaua wengine, tunaiomba serikali iliyopo madarakani isimamie na kukomesha kabisa mauaji yasiyo na hatia,” amesema Mchungaji Swai. Amesema damu ya Mawazo inalia mbele ya Mungu na wale waliofanya kitendo cha kinyama kwa mtu huyo macho ya Mungu yanamuona popote alipo. Hata hivyo wengine waliotoa salamu za rambirambi ni Baraza la Vijana Taifa (Bavicha), Baraza la Wanawake (Bawacha) na chama cha NCCR Mageuzi kilichosimama kuwakilisha vyama vinavyounda Ukawa (CUF na NLD). Mpekuzi blog 

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Viongozi wa Chadema Mkoa wa Rukwa waliotangaza kujiuzulu nyadhifa zao ndani ya chama hicho hivi karibuni, wamesitisha uamuzi wao na kurejea madarakani. Mratibu wa Chadema Kanda ya Nyanda za Juu Kusini, Frank Mwaisumbe alisema hayo juzi wakati akizungumza na mwandishi wetu  kwa njia ya simu kutoka mkoani Mbeya. Mwaisumbe alisema wamekubaliana na viongozi hao kurejea katika nyadhifa zao za kisiasa ndani ya chama hicho. Alisema kikao baina ya viongozi wa Chadema wa kanda hiyo na waliotangaza kujiuzulu kilidumu kwa zaidi ya saa 11 juzi na kufikia uamuzi wa kurejea madarakani kwa viongozi hao. Akizungumzia sababu za kujiuzulu kwa viongozi hao ambazo ni kutolipwa fedha mawakala wa wagombea wa chama hicho mkoa na kutoridhishwa na uteuzi wa mgombea ubunge wa viti maalumu, Aida Kenan, alidai zina mashiko lakini kabla ya kutangaza katika vyombo vya habari kuachia ngazi walipaswa kuwasiliana na uongozi wa juu wa chama. Aliongeza kuwa, mathalan katika suala la mawakala kulikuwa na fomu maalumu ambazo wagombea walizijaza kuonyesha kuwa wanaweza kubeba gharama zote za mchakato wa uchaguzi au la. Alisema wagombea waliojaza fomu kuonyesha hawana uwezo wa kuwalipa mawakala, chama kilibeba gharama hizo na fedha zilitolewa kwa kila mgombea kwa kuwa wao ndiyo walijua nani ni wakala na fedha hizo hazikupelekwa kwa viongozi wa mkoa kama inavyodaiwa. Kuhusu uteuzi wa Kenan katika nafasi ya ubunge wa viti maalumu, alisema jina lake lilitokana na maombi ya Baraza la Vijana wa Chadema (Bavicha) ambao walikuwa na nafasi mbili, lakini hakutokana na kura ambazo wagombea wa Chadema walipata kwenye Mkoa wa Rukwa. Wakizungumza kwa nyakati tofauti viongozi wa mkoa ambao awali walijiuzulu, Mwenyekiti Zeno Nkoswe na Katibu Ozem Chapita walikiri kukubali kurejea madarakani baada ya kufanya kikao na viongozi wa chama hicho Kanda ya Nyanda za Juu Kusini. “Nimeafiki kurejea katika wadhifa wangu wa uenyekiti wa mkoa, lakini bado nawasubiri na viongozi wa kitaifa kuna mambo tuyaweke sawa. Si unajua wao wanatutuhumu kwamba tulikimbilia kwenye vyombo vya habari na sisi tuna hoja zetu,” alisema Nkoswe. Baada ya makubaliano na viongozi hao walifanya kikao na madiwani waliochaguliwa kupitia chama hicho, ili kuhakikisha wanaongoza Halmashauri ya Manispaa ya Sumbawanga. Chadema ina viti 10 kati ya 19 vya udiwani.

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Joto la utawala wa Rais John Magufuli limebadili utendaji kazi wa makatibu wakuu wa wizara mbalimbali waliozoea kukaa ofisini na sasa wanafanya kazi nje ya ofisi na kusikiliza kero za wananchi kwenye maeneo yao. Wakati hilo likifanyika, Ikulu jijini Dar es Salaam imesema katibu mkuu au mtumishi yeyote wa umma atakayeshindwa kwenda na kasi na mabadiliko ya utendaji kazi katika serikali ya awamu ya tano ajiondoe. Tamko hilo linalotolewa na Katibu Mkuu Kiongozi, Balozi Ombeni Sefue, alipohojiwa jana  kuhusu kutokuwapo kwa makatibu wakuu wa wizara kadhaa kwenye ofisini zao wiki iliyopita.    Makatibu wakuu wa Wizara kadhaa wamelazimika kuzifunga ofisi zao na kuelekea mikoani kusikiliza kero za wananchi. Hali ya viongozi hao kuhama jiji na kwenda mikoani imeleta mabadiliko ya utendaji kazi wao baada ya miaka ya nyuma kuzoeleka kutumia muda mwingi ofisini na kuacha kazi za nje kufanywa na waziri, naibu au watendaji wengine. Baadhi ya wizara ambazo zilitembelewa na kukuta ofisi za katibu mkuu zikiwa zimefungwa ni Uchukuzi, Tamisemi, Sayansi, Teknolojia na Mawasiliano na Ujenzi. Baadhi ya wafanyakazi wa wizara hizo ambao hawakutaka majina yao yatajwe, walisema mabosi wao kwa sasa inakuwa nadra kuonekana ofisini wakifanya kazi kwa kuogopa kuonekana wazembe. “Hatujawahi kuona katibu anakwenda mikoani kama ilivyo sasa, kila siku anakwenda huku na kule kuangalia miradi na kero za wananchi,” alisema mmoja wa wafanyakazi wa moja ya wizara  hizo. Hatuna Muda na Katibu Mkuu Goigoi-Sefue Akitoa kauli ya serikali, Katibu Mkuu Kiongozi, Balozi Ombeni Sefue, alisema kuanzia sasa katibu Mkuu na mtendaji wa serikali ambaye anafanya kazi kwa kusuasua ajiondoe mwenyewe. Alisema tayari amefanya kikao na makatibu wote kuwaeleza suala hilo na atakayerudi nyuma hatakuwa na nafasi katika serikali ya awamu ya tano. “Jambo hilo tumekubaliana kwenye kikao, serikali ya awamu ya tano haitakuwa na utani kwa wale watakaoonekana hawaendi na kasi ya Rais, sasa wanatakiwa kuchagua kama wanataka kuendelea na nafasi  zao au la,” alisema Sefue 

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Grounding is the most important factor that governs the safety and the quality of a power system. That’s on what Steven Mill wants to write today. Will you agree with his guidelines for safety and power quality? “Grounding, also known as earthing, provides a safe way for the fault currents to pass on to the ground (neutral). This avoids sudden voltage spikes in the distributed network system, safeguarding the electrical equipment from permanent or premature failure. Grounding systems are generally designed keeping low-impedance paths in mind. When a fault occurs, a low-impedance current flow path can result in discharging high volumes of current into the ground pretty quickly, keeping the equipment safe. Grounding also plays a vital role in transferring transients caused due to lightning strikes into the ground safely and quickly.” Following are the recommended grounding practices according to me and maybe to you all: 1. Equipment Grounding Using Conductors All the electrical equipment should be grounded by means of conductors and should avoid relying only on raceways for surge protection. This is a protective standard set by the IEEE. Care should be taken to see that the size of the grounding conductors, match that of the phase conductors, to decrease the impedance in the circuit and enhance the clearing time in an attempt to safeguard the equipment. It is also required that all the raceways, boxes, metal enclosures and grounding conductors are bonded to a single grounding path. 2. Isolated Grounding system In case of sensitive electrical equipment, an isolated grounding system can be employed in order to supply good signal reference and to enhance its overall operational effectiveness. This type of segregated grounding system is represented in green colored conductors with yellow stripes running on them. Unlike other conductors, isolated/insulated grounding conductor does not connect the metal casing; in fact it is insulated from the casing and runs itself down all the way to a separate grounding system. Note : Isolated/insulated grounding system is known to reduce the noise that tries to enter the sensitive equipment through the grounding conductors. This is because, the pin that is used to ground is not electrically connected to the conductor in case of isolated/insulated grounding system. 3. Branch Circuit Grounding It is suggested that you replace all the branch circuits that are not grounded with branch circuits that are properly grounded. Sensitive equipment such as computers, digital circuits, and computer controlled machines need proper grounding in order to operate effectively. If such electrical equipment is not earthed properly, static electricity and voltage spikes can damage the systems extensively. Note : It is always wise to use surge protection devices (SPDs) in conjunction with grounding conductors of the equipment in order to ensure optimum protection from fault currents. 4. Ground Resistance It is important to periodically measure the grounding conductor’s resistance to the ground. If this resistance is higher than 25 Ohms, necessary measures should be employed to reduce the ground resistance to less than 25 Ohms. To ensure better safety of the equipment, it is encouraged that the readings be taken after every six months. These tests are normally conducted with the help of a ground resistance meter and the readings thus obtained are documented for future reference. If a substantial difference id found between two consecutive readings, it means that the ground resistance has increased dramatically and so is the clearance time. This can enormously decrease the life span of the sensitive components in the electrical equipment. If this is the case, one should immediately consult an electrical design engineer and take appropriate steps to decrease the ground resistance. Note : in case of industries, ground resistance should be less than 5 Ohms. And sometimes, in special cases, it is required that ground resistance is no more than 1 Ohm. 5. Ground Rods According to the standards set by NEC, grounding rods can be installed six feet away from the source. Though this is the recommended standard, it always a good idea to install the grounding rods at a distance equivalent to twice its length. When installing grounding rods in high altitude areas, mountains and rocky terrains, it is recommended that you make use of deep-driven grounding rods. Alternatively, chemically-enhanced grounding rods can also be used in such locations as well as in locations where the condition of the soil is too poor. 6. Ground Ring Ground rings made of copper are extensively used at substations and commercial establishments, such as apartments and supermarkets, etc. These ground rings are often supplemented by grounding rods along with water piping encased in metal, structural steel and electrodes that are encased in concrete. Installing ground rings around your building, a few feet away from the structural blueprint can ensure maximum protection of the household electrical equipment. In cases where the ground resistance is high, supplement the rings with deep-driven grounding rods to lessen the impedance. Generally, ground rods having triplex configuration are to be used for such purposes, as per the code. According to the standards set by the NEC, a minimum of 2 AWG sized ground rings are to be used at the apartments and the commercial sites. But in practice, it is found that ground rings as large as 500 kcmil are used for grounding purposes, in an attempt to reduce the ground resistance in the future. This can prove to be quite an effective grounding system. Note : Ground rings serve as a great place to connect multiple grounding conductors, such as lightning conductors, Ufer groundings and vertically designed electrodes. 7. Grounding Electrode System This is a single grounding system that can replicate all the other grounding systems such as: Grounding of underground metal water piping Grounding of the steel used to build apartments and other structures Grounding of the electrode encased in concrete Grounding of the pipes and deep driven rod electrodes Grounding of the plated electrodes Grounding of the copper rings Grounding of the entire metal piping that cross the ground rings Using this single grounding electrode system, you can effectively bond all you domestic electrical equipment that need grounding such as television, telephones, antennas and radio towers, etc. 8. Lightning Protection System When installing grounding systems, for protecting the electrical equipment during lightning strikes, make it a point to use a copper grounding system. This is because, copper is far more superior compared to other metals and alloys, as far as the rate of discharging the fault current into the ground is concerned. This is also prove to be a cost effective alternative, because copper does not corrode quickly and also needs less maintenance when compared to the other metals. Note : Since, lightning strikes are capable of generating very high voltage spikes; care should be taken to see that the grounding system intended for this purpose makes use of high quality, low impedance and robust grounding electrodes. 9. Surge Protection Devices (SPDS): Using SPDs at critical equipment is always encouraged. They can quite effectively jolt down the fault currents when properly connected to high quality, low impedance and robust grounding electrodes. Conclusion In conclusion, I would finally like to reaffirm that, following proper grounding standards will not only keep your electrical equipment safe, but will also safeguard your loved ones from any electrical mishaps. Though initial investment to install a quality grounding system may be a bit heavy on your pocket, but in the long run, it is definitely going to repay you in form of increased safety of your sensitive equipment and family.

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Partitioning of low voltage switchboards is very important because of the following four important reasons : Partitioning protects the working staff and other personnel in the premises from getting into direct contact with various live dangerous parts of the equipment. IPXXB is the minimum protection degree standard set by the IEC, to protect humans from fatal electrical accidents. Partitioning protects the low voltage switchboards form solid particles that often penetrate into the equipment. IP2X is the minimum protection degree standard set by the IEC, to protect solid alien bodies from entering into the switchboards. Partitioning protects electric arc propagation in the low voltage switchboards, as it separates various connections, busbars and equipment. Partitioning of low voltage switch boards helps maintenance staff to perform their regular maintenance and/or upgrades of the switchboards with minimal fuss. Note : Electricity personnel, who want to know more about the standards that should be maintained while performing partitioning, can refer to section 61439-2 of IEC standards. At this juncture, one should understand that the very term partitioning, depends on its usage conditions, switchboard maintenance and switchboard up-gradation. It often depends on the mutual agreement between the manufacturers and the end users and decides as to how the partitioning should be done, so that it meets both the IEC’s, as well as the manufacturer’s specifications. While performing partitioning one should remember the following essentials : Products and components used during partitioning should comply with the set standards, and should have been tried and tested elsewhere before Partitioning should also comply with the standards and specifications set by the switchboard manufacturer, and should be done in accordance with the user manual supplied along with the equipment After the partitioning is complete, one has to conduct clearance test, as well as continuity bonding test. There has to be a final inspection scheduled, after which all results are recorded in the contractual document for future reference. Note : Compliance certificate will only be issued after successful completion of above mentioned essentials. Let us now have a look at the four types of partitioning that are set as a standard: Type – 1 Partitioning In this type of partitioning, internal components of the switchboard are not allowed to be separated. As mentioned earlier, this kind of partitioning primarily aims at saving people from electrical accidents. Front portion is covered with plates and can only be opened using certain tools The doors of the live parts are locked The terminals are covered systematically so that no one gets hurt on contact Top and bottom pads of the incoming supply are totally covered to protect the personnel working on the switchboard, when it is open. Type – 2 Partitioning In this type of partitioning, it is allowed to separate the busbars and the functional components inside the switchboard. Partitioning aims at saving people from electrical accidents Blocks solid alien particles from entering into the switch board Type – 3 Partitioning In this type of partitioning, separation of all the internal functional components of the switchboard is allowed. Partitioning aims at saving people from electrical accidents Limitation of propagation of arcs Type – 4 Partitioning In this type of partitioning, in addition to 3 guidelines, separation of switchboard terminals to incorporate external conductors in a functional unit as integral parts is also allowed. Partitioning aims at saving people from electrical accidents Limitation of propagation of arcs Conclusion Finally, partitioning of low voltage switchboards not only helps in saving people from electrical hazards, but it also serves as an important tool of dissipating heat from the system. However, while choosing the external metal covers for protection, one should take care that they are strong enough, because a single dent on the plate’s external surface, covering the live parts, can cost a life. 

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I have put together this article with an intention of providing some safety precautions to all those electricians and electrical engineers out there, who work on low voltage equipment regularly. Irrespective of the kind of experience you have in this field, I strongly suggest you to stay alert even when you are repairing the minutest of the faults, especially, when the electrical equipment is live. Being an electrical engineer and having served in this field for over 10 years, I strongly recommend you to follow the below mentioned ten most important safety precautions that can help you keep away from electrical hazards. 1. Pre-Job safety measures This is very important. Conduct a meeting with fellow employees and discuss about the safety measures that should be followed if an electrical accident takes place. These discussions should answer important questions like, “What if someone gets paralyzed due to an electrical shock?” “What if someone gets burnt?” etc. Try and assess all sorts of risks associated with the job before you start working on it. Formulate some crystal clear solutions. 2. Check the history Before you actually start working on the system, try to know the history of the equipment. This will help you understand what kind of problems the equipment had previously, what parts of it were damaged, what parts were replaced. This will help you assess the condition of the equipment and its vulnerabilities. Also go through the blue print of the equipment. It has all the information regarding its installation. This helps you to understand its schematic diagram, technical specifications, wirings, circuit diagrams, etc that can assist you to work smoothly without running into dangerous situations. Don’t forget to make sure that the documents belong to the same equipment that you are going to work on. There are chances that the equipment might have been replaced with a new one, or similar equipment that has been used elsewhere. 3. Less exposure Try to deal with the live parts quickly as possible. I do not mean that you mess it up. If you are able to clear the problem pertaining to the live parts quickly, you can later jump on to the other faulty components, without having to worry about any electrical hazards. 4. Cover live parts Do not leave live components of the electrical equipment uncovered, while you are working on the dummy ones. Cover the live metal properly with an insulating material. I would advise you to use Plexiglas plates for an effective protection from live parts. 5. Watch your ground Please ensure that all the metal parts that are grounded are covered properly. This is very important. Insulate them to as much extent as possible, to keep yourself safe, just in case if you step on it. 6. Beware of fault currents While you are working on the equipment, I suggest you to keep the fault currents as low as possible at the point, where you are trying to fix the problem. Let me explain. Let us say, that you are trying to measure the voltage of the equipment. Then do it on the load side of the equipment that contains circuit-protective device, with lowest current rating. I also suggest that you make use of current-limiting devices to keep yourself safe from the sudden voltage spikes and arc flashes. 7. Rough conditions When you are working in rough conditions like a muddy ground, a rainy or snowy day, make sure that all your tools are insulated properly before getting into contact with a live conductor. In fact, I would suggest you to avoid working in such conditions. But, if it is a must, insulate yourself as much as you can, along with your tools. 8. Do not wear metal I strongly recommend that you remove all the metal from your body. The reason being, if the metal comes into contact with any live part, there is every possibility of getting involved in short-circuits. In case, you are wearing any bracelets used for alerting medicos, make sure you cover it with a transparent tape or a wrist band made of rubber. 9. Position yourself properly If you are operating a safety switch, make sure that you use one hand. Care should also be taken that your face and body are turned to the other side. This will minimize the risk of injuries to the face and body. When working with safety switches, there is always a possibility of arc flash. Hence, cover yourself properly and do not place your body directly in front of any energized electrical equipment. 10. Wear appropriate clothing Last but not the least, use best quality clothing, shoes, gloves, and spectacles (if need be). Do not compromise on what you wear. I have seen people who have saved themselves from injuries just because they were wearing the right working gear. Conclusion I have put together these ten safety points from what I have learned in my journey as an electrician and then, as an electrical engineer for 10 years. I have seen many electrical hazards happen and have also seen people who got injured from such accidents. 

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We received a nice article in our mailbox by an electrical engineer who wants to guide you for you to work safer. Electrical safety is an important topic, that’s why we accepted to publish his article as a back to basics… “Anyone who works with electricity knows that it is not something to joke with! If someone says that he is not afraid of the electricity then he has not seen the damage it causes. Therefore, in this article I will examine how to work safer and how we can avoid future accidents after the job is done. How to work safer? First of all, before you start working on an electrical installation you need to do a few things: – Inspect the condition of the installation – Where is the power cable? – Is it only one power cable? Just before you start working check for voltage presence (even if you are 100% sure that there is no voltage) using a device that you trust! It happened to me to switch off a breaker but there was still voltage on the wires. Also once one of the buildings where I was working had RSD (reserve switching device) and when I switched off the power it was activated. When you turn off the power and do not have visual contact with the breaker all the time, always put a warning plate because someone may switch on the breaker by mistake. When you switch on or off a breaker use protective gloves, helmet and protective mask (if you do not have a mask, turn your head away) because when you perform these maneuvers can obtain a voltage arc and to cause injury. When you work always wear special insulating shoes. They will isolate you from the floor and if you come under voltage the current flow will not go through your body. When you are working on the wires try not to touch anywhere. Thus even if you came under voltage the current flow will not go through your body because there will be nothing to close the chain. How we can avoid future accidents? There are several things which you can do to avoid future accidents after the job is done: Make sure that the installed wires and breakers are designed for the consumers who are connected to them. After finishing work, make sure all screws, nuts and other connections are properly tightened because if there is loose connection this can lead to “shinning” and after a while to a fire. After finishing work, make sure that the cable sheathing is not damaged. We can summarize that working with electricity is very dangerous for both you and the people around you and because of that first of all you must follow the safety regulations. Compliance with these rules may cause inconvenience or to take more time to finish the job but it can literally save your life! After you build a way of working the implementation of these rules will become a part of your daily routine and even will not make you an impression.” 

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Introduction Low electrical voltage is any voltage at or below 750V. In some regions, it can be used to define extra low voltage that is at or below 1000V. Common low voltage areas include residential utility lines, as well as light industrial application. With proper precaution, working around LV is safe. However, as with all matters electricity, sometimes things go horribly wrong. The following are key problem LV areas. Working Alone In most of the cases, small projects only require a solitary person to sort it out, to reduce the interruption of routines that result from switching off the mains. Danger abounds in working alone, regardless of the size of the project. While space restrictions and number of staff may deem working alone a necessity, there are some measures that should be adopted. They include the following: Clear written procedure for checking on someone working in isolation Emergency responses in case the worker cannot be contacted, especially those working on the rooftops or underground Clear liaising on the check up times. This should be done between the engineer in charge, the person designated for the check up and the worker in isolation Substations The substation has a number of primary sections. These include the incoming high voltage section, and the low and medium voltage section. Unfortunately, many workers only pay attention to the high voltage section, and seem to neglect the LV section by virtue of the fact that the voltage there is low. Unfortunately, the LV section has high current due to reduced impedance. The high chance of high current, especially in the constricted space makes for a very risky area. Working on an energized system can never be justified, regardless of level of experience. However, in most modern substation designs, the risky sections are electrically isolated. This allows for safe working environment without de-energizing all the equipment, which may lead to power disruptions. Fig 1: How to tell a HV from a LV substation? Checking Voltages Engineers and technicians usually use is a meter to check voltages. The testing can turn out to be a dangerous venture for the inexperienced, for example using the meter to check the current rather than voltage can result to electrocution, as the ammeter’s low resistance provides the path for high current flow. Inexperience can also lead to the use of wrong and improvised equipment for testing: for example, screwdrivers to encourage sparking between energized parts to confirm presence of power and use of non-standard equipment. In other instances, the electrocution is purely accidental: for example, as workers lean to insert probes for the testing and get into contact with the energized equipment. In places with high risks, or if the probe points seem out of reach, insist of goggles or a full facial mask to protect yourself from burns arising from arc flashing. Fig 2: Multimeter Other possible problems areas include Low hanging low voltage conductors, especially service drop lines Lighting circuits Storage batteries Extension codes Risk Assessment Risk is defined as the likelihood of happening and severity of the consequences. The engineer in charge should, in person asses the various areas with identified hazards. The list should precisely indicate the location of the hazard, and classify the risk from minor to fatal. A given example is a short exposure to low voltage. This should be classified as a minor risk compared to an extended period of exposure to higher voltage. However, regardless of risk level, the primary recommendation is to install measures that eliminates or reduces all risks, regardless of severity. Conclusion As engineers, sometimes the experience and education level does get to our heads. In such instances, we seek shortcuts and cut corners, mostly to reduce in project time. It is important to note that the profession is unlike any other, as our regular working environment features high risks that may lead to severe injuries and fatalities. This holds constant regardless of whether the voltage is low or high. With such in mind, it is recommended that you exercise due caution in all aspects of the projects. 

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Introduction Periodic inspection and testing of internal wiring installations is necessary. Internal wiring should be checked every year for safe operations. While carrying out inspection and testing of internal wiring installations, following points should be checked: Incoming Service Line Connection Check and ensure the following: Service line coming in to the premises is properly terminated and brought in Check for fuse wire rating on each of the phases so as to ensure it is of correct rating Check for wire sizes to be of correct size to carry the required current Check for earthing to be properly maintained at the service line side Main Switch Board A main switch board exists at the point of termination of service line. Supply is provided through this board in to the premises. Ensure that the main switch board is closer to the point of supply in the premises Check for fuses / circuit breakers used of adequate sizes for all phases Check for correct ON/OFF working of Main Switch. A main switch plays a very important role as it helps to switch off the complete supply of the premises in case of emergency / repairs. It should always be in good working condition. Check for any mechanical faults in switching operations that might cause it to remain continuously in ON state. This may be problematic in emergency cases when the electrician wants to switch the supply off Ensure that the Switch board assembly is well covered to protect against rain / weather conditions Inspect to see that you are clearly able to trace the neutral and earthing wires in different colour Inspect the electricity meter connections are properly fastened Internal Wiring Circuits Internal Wiring Circuits are to be checked for following points: Ensure that each circuit branching out of Main Switch board has a connected load of not more than 800 watts or 10 points Test for Insulation resistance of conductor and earth to be as per IEC specifications Electrical resistance from connection with Earth electrode should not be more than one ohm Ensure metallic covering of iron clad switches, distribution boards are properly earther Test that that leakage current is less than 1/5,000 of maximum supply current. Key Tests to be performed for Wiring Installations Insulation Resistance Test : In this test, the insulation resistance of a wire is tested to ensure that there is no leakage current flowing through it. As per IE rules, the insulation resistance between wiring and earth should not exceed 1/5,000 of the current flowing through it. The test is performed using “Megger” instrument. In this, main switch is put in OFF condition and all the lighting connections on the circuit are short circuited. The Megger is connected between line and the earth. Megger is then rotated to generate voltage and then the reading on the dial of Megger is noted. (See fig. below) The insulation resistance should not be less than 50 Mega-ohm divided by no. of circuits. The insulation resistance per circuit is calculated as 50 M. If the result value is more than 1 then it should be considered as 1 mega-ohm. In no case this value should be less than 0.5 mega ohm. Earth Continuity Test : This is second most important test for safety of installation. All metal clad switches, metal parts, covers, conduits must be solidly connected to earth. In absence of this, there could be a severe damage to the whole electrical installation, appliances connected to it. In adverse events, the leakage current flowing through it may cause severe electrical shock to the person coming in physical contact with it. In order to test this, the main switch should be in open position. All other circuit contacts like bulbs and switches should be ON position. The Earth continuity tester is then connected between the switch / conduit and an independent earth. The tester will indicate the value of resistance. In all cases the value should not exceed more than 1 ohm. If the value appears higher than 1 ohm it indicates that the switch / conduit is not properly earthed.

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WAZIRI MKUU Majaliwa Kassim Majaliwa amesema Serikali ya Awamu ya Tano imedhamiria kuhakikisha kila kinachokusanywa kama mapato ya nchi kinatumika kwa maslahi ya Watanzania wote na si kwa manufaa ya wachache. Alitoa kauli hiyo jana mchana (Jumapili, Novemba 29, 2015) wakati akifunga maadhimisho ya miaka 20 ya Dayosisi ya Pwani ya Kanisa la African Inland Church Tanzania (AICT) kwenye ukumbi wa PTA, viwanja vya Mwalimu Nyerere jijini Dar es Salaam. “Serikali imeanza kukabiliana na upotevu wa mapato ya Serikali na kuepuka matumizi yasiyo ya lazima ya fedha za umma. Nia yetu ni kuhakikisha kila kinachopaswa kukusanywa kama mapato ya nchi, kikusanywe na kitumike kwa masuala ya msingi kwa ustawi wa Watanzania wote na si kwa watu wachache,” alisema. Akifunga maadhimisho hayo kwa niaba ya Rais Dkt. John Pombe Magufuli, Waziri Mkuu alisema Serikali imedhamiria kupambana na maovu yote na kuondoa kero zinazowaumiza wananchi wa kawaida.  “Wako watu wanaoamini kwamba hatuwezi, nawaomba waondoe hiyo dhana. Wako watu wanaodhani kwamba kwamba utawala huu ni wa watu wapole, nao pia waondoe hiyo dhana,” alisema huku akishangiliwa na mamia ya waumini waliohudhuria sherehe hizo zilizoanza Novemba 27, 2015.  “Tunawaomba Watanzania wote mtuunge mkono kwenye vita hii na mtuwezeshe kuifanya kazi hiyo. Tunaomba waumini wote mtuombee katika sala zenu za kila siku ili tuweze kuongoza kwa haki na kuwaletea Watanzania wote maendeleo,” aliongeza. Akinukuu kitabu cha Mithali sura ya 29 mstari wa pili, Waziri Mkuu alisema: “Wenye haki wakiwa na amri, watu hufurahi, bali mwovu atawalapo, watu huugua. Mtuombee viongozi wenu tuwe waadilifu na wenye kutenda haki. Nasi tutaendelea kuwa waadilifu ili watu wetu wasigue,” alisema. Aliwataka viongozi wa kanisa hilo waendelee kuisaidia Serikali katika kujenga kundi la watu wenye maadili mema ili walisaidie Taifa kuwa na watu waadilifu na hivyo kupunguza kero nyingi zinazoikabili jamii. Mapema, akimkaribisha Waziri Mkuu kuzungumza na waumini wa kanisa la hilo kutoka mikoa mbalimbali, Askofu Mkuu wa Kanisa la AICT, Askofu Silas Kezakubi alisema Kanisa hilo litaendelea kumuombea Rais Dkt Magufuli na viongozi wenzake ili wawe na afya njema, wawe na hekima na kuahidi kwamba wataendelea kuwaweka chini ya ulinzi wa Mungu siku zote. Alisema wao kama kanisa wanaamini kwamba Serikali ya awamu ya tano ina nia ya kuwatumikia wananchi kwa bidii na uadilifu lakini akasisitiza kuwa siri ya bidii na uadilifu inapatikana kwenye neno la Mungu. Akisoma risala ya kanisa hilo, Askofu wa AICT Dayosisi ya Kibaha, Askofu Charles Salalah alisema kanisa halina budi kushirikiana na Serikali kwa sababu wote wanawahudumia watu walewale isipokuwa katika malengo tofauti.  Alisema kanisa hilo linahubiri maadili mema na bidii katika kazi kwa vile linaamini kuwa maendeleo hayadondoki kutoka juu wala hayaoti kama uyoga bali yanapatikana kwa watu kufanya kazi.  Akisisitiza kuhusu uadilifu, aliwataka wazazi kudumisha ndoa zao ili watoto wapate malezi mema kutoka kwa baba na mama na kwamba baba na mama wasipokaa vizuri, watoto hawawezi kuwa waadilifu.   “Wazazi tunao wajibu wa kupanda mbegu bora ya uzalendo kwa watoto wetu. Endapo tutapanda mbegu mbaya ya kuwagawa watoto wetu kwa itikadi tofauti, ni lazima tujue kuwa tutavuna tunachopanda.” “Tukumbuke kuwa tunalo Taifa moja tu la Tanzania. Hata kama watoto wetu watakuwa na upenzi na vyama vyao, ni lazima tuwalee katika misingi ili wakue wakijua Taifa letu ni moja tu. Ndiyo maana tunaweka mkazo kwenye familia kwa sababu maadili mema yanaanzia nyumbani,” alisisitiza. IMETOLEWA NA: OFISI YA WAZIRI MKUU, 2 MTAA WA MAGOGONI, S. L. P. 3021, 11410 DAR ES SALAAM JUMAPILI, NOVEMBA 29, 2015. Waziri Mkuu Mhe. Majaliwa Kassim Majaliwa akizungumza wakati alipohitimisha maadhimisho ya miaka 20 ya Kanisa la Africa Inland Church Dayosi ya Pwani yaliyofanyika kwenye ukumbi wa PTA katika uwanja wa maonyesho wa Mwalimu Nyerere Kilwa Road jijini Dar es salaam Novemba 29, 2015 Waziri Mkuu Mhe. Majaliwa Kassim Majaliwa akiwa meza kuu na viongozi wa kanisa la Africa Inland Church wakati alipohitimisha maadhimisho ya miaka 20 tangu kuanzishwa kwa kanisa hilo katika Dayosisi ya Pwani yaliyofanyika kwenye ukumbi wa PTA katika uwanja wa maonyesho wa Mwalimu Nyerere Kilwa Road jijini Dar es salaam Novemba 29, 2015. Waziri Mkuu Mhe. Majaliwa Kassim majaliwa akiwasha moja ya pikipiki tatu ili kuashiria mkakati wa kueneza injili wakati alipohitimisha maadhimisho ya miaka 20 ya kanisa la Africa Inland Church Dayosisi ya Pwani kwenye ukumbi wa PTA katika uwanja wa maonyesho wa Mwalimu Nyerere, Kilwa Road jijini Dar es salaam Novemba 29, 2015. (Picha na Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu) 

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